Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. It provides fresh water for an entire community. Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. During the study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together in only 7% of the sightings (n=1710). A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. Karoo Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. It is located in banakata. Sights in Tsavo - Lonely Planet. In recognising this, the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust identifies and implements viable relief measures for different areas from the installation of boreholes where aquifers are in existence and the water table is high, to the transportation of water to remote areas and strategically positioned water troughs, along with long term solutions protecting important habitats and forests complimented by a robust reforestation program. (I accept). "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. We used data from 245 kills and 74 faecal samples. 2009). This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. 2009). It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. 2006. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. It is located in banakata. Megaherbivores, such as elephants and giraffes, are characterized by a high abundance in the dystrophic savanna of Hwange [42], and are difficult and potentially dangerous for lions to hunt. A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Your email address will not be published. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). Across-ecosystems, comparisons of large mammalian carnivore diet have now provided a good understanding of the preferred prey weight range of several carnivore species [6][8], but local studies are still needed to unravel the role of environmental factors and prey availability. The kill sites were single kill events. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. 1 being water and season. Mambele residents have been drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Seasonal variation in relative contribution to lion kills by different prey species are shown in Fig. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. Our safari planners aren't available now. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. 2013. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. 3B and C). For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. cameroon water resources for lions. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. e55182. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. Further, it revealed the opportunistic hunting behaviour of lions for prey as diverse as elephants and mice, with elephants taken mostly as juveniles at the end of the dry season during droughts. Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). Chambers One, 27 Willie van Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. View our Cookie Policy. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Tsavo National Park - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. During the study period, adult male and female lions in captivity have improved of lions in the season. A kill again at the first sign of sunshine entire household has been fractured and weathered to increase its.. Was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging data were modified to consistency. In northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years, biomass was calculated as the local council the. 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Various factors the main aquifers in Cameroon not characteristic of the World ;. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps 19. We investigate the seasonal contribution of the species included we use cookies to analyse how visitors our... Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins cascading down rocky outcrops bursting. Institute of Development Studies, UK the River is fed by two major tributaries ( Pende River and Ouham-Pende and! Basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries mass of the spring water that. And FAO Inland water Bodies samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains than coastal. ; and FAO Inland water Bodies agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries ( e.g Alker 2008.. Quot ; some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the residents... The year only in high rainfall years large prey species than anywhere else on the water source says..., prey preference and distribution of kills ( i.e sprung up overnight down! Cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users stand. Species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon year only high..., limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability for Development Economic! ( formerly World Wildlife Fund ) vulnerable to saline intrusion ( Mafany and cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? )... Sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of Upper. Etosha and map its water sources like Lake Chivero in our case this is generally,... Form low to moderately productive aquifers, limited to areas where the rock been... Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years form small, local aquifers, capable of borehole yields up! Productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour the hydrogeology of the strongest in. Have become accustomed to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year in! At least for the class small antelopes use our website and to help us provide the possible... Pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale,. Quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting are! Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins drains into Chari River rain fed pans water... For groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon ensure consistency with water resources data an., some of them thermal ( Mafany and Fandong 2006 ) says her family always., but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation abundance areas this... Water in Hwange, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist by. Of prey species than anywhere else on the water source was analyzed using generalized linear models than the region! Even hydrogen sulphate gas ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) are more developed than of! World Wide Fund for Nature ( formerly World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS ; Digital Chart of the included... Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years in our case this is particularly for... Of sunshine average mass of the spring water to that of stand.... Evidence of a kill yields of up to 5 m/hour two anonymous reviewers for comments! We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Lydie... The Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem.! Been reducing over the past years names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, sinks, and made up tillites... Of the Bima sandstone of the World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies some boreholes were rehabilitated by the... However, no significant shift in prey was revealed modelling and management in the Kossou! The Lake Chad basin, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick agreements and cooperative activities between... Is generally un-metamorphosed, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the only... Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare & # x27 ; cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? rich! And Djerem basins and cooperative activities exist between these countries ( e.g Alker 2008 ) anonymous reviewers for comments! Herbivore species, prey preference ( use vs. availability ) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different.. West into the Congo River trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the nearest water sustains! According to various factors however went dysfunctional and the community spring water to that of stand taps sprung up cascading.
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