2001. Did J. Edgar Hoover Order the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr? They own just about everything. Citizen Reporting Yes, you have to take other things into account. Gear advertisements and other marketing efforts towards your interests. You wont be surprised by what I found first: his grandfather was an Orthodox Jewish immigrant who was one of the founders of the New York Stock Exchange. Europes capital markets are somewhat different from ours and the problem may not be as pressing, but they are also more aggressive about antitrust than the U.S. government is. Active managers will be watching these developments closely. Posner: Right. Far better to come back as a child, and you cant do that without dying. Blackstones current portfolio is much smaller, about 20 billion, down from 36 billion in 2015. Privacy Policy and Bloomberg Daybreak Asia. Workers are probably losing, wealthy people are doing very well, middle-class people are somewhere in the middle. US News They might become smaller. 3 The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened and expanded the rules established by the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. What Id like to see them do is provide data to independent academics. It also reviews the dangers of the COVID shots, noting that the virus and the vaccines were made by the same entities. BlackRock and Vanguard do not "own" all the biggest corporations in the world. Posner: Yes. In closing, I want to highlight a mysterious letter posted by an anonymous individual who goes by the name Spartacus.. Blackrock/Vanguard didnt just buy the entire world. Crime They control just enough to be a major investor and to have influence with the board. But there is no simple answer to this question, and certainly these sorts of considerations wouldnt be a decisive defense to litigation. Terrorism Blackrock owns 53 billion of Apple, 45 billion of Microsoft, 40 billion of Google, 36 billion of Amazon, 24 billion of Facebook, 25 billion of JPMorganChase, 23 billion of Johnson & Johnson, 20 billion each of ExxonMobil, Berkshire Hathaway, and Bank of America, and so on, for a total of about 2.1 trillion. My point is best seen by looking at Hollywood stars, most of whom start out very beautiful. You have to sleep a lot, drink a lot of water, eat good food, refrain from smoking and drinking, and all that. They appear to be shifting assets to Blackrock, closing many positions. But just as an initial matter, if you or I, in our individual capacity, buy shares of McDonald's (MCD) or some shares in a mutual fund, were not going to have any effect on competition. Posner: Im very much in favor of antitrust litigation. We have a chapter where we dig a little deeper and talk about the ultimate source of this problem. In other words, they had to definitively achieve their final goal: full ownership of the world and all its parts. I dont even like any of the big companies or their products, so why would I want to own them? An Empirical Exploration of Idiosyncratic Risk, The Journal of Finance, Vol. I attended a conference in New York with representatives from the industry put together by NYU. The bank found that, for the average stock in the S&P 500, 77 per cent might trade on fundamentals, versus more than 90 per cent a decade ago. Overnight on Wall Street is daytime in Asia. Imagine a world in which two asset managers call the shots, in which their wealth exceeds current U.S. GDP and where almost every hedge fund, government and retiree is a customer. Live from New York and Hong Kong, bringing you the essential stories from the close of the U.S. markets to the open of trading across Asia. Another thing this tells us is that all those beauty sites telling you how to age gracefully also have it mostly wrong. You and I dont have the physical power to stop them, since they own everything, including the military. So, Pepsi and Coca-Cola are anything but competitors, Gielen says. Live market coverage co-anchored from Hong Kong and New York. Riots/Protests Copyright 2023 Morningstar, Inc. All rights reserved. This is where it gets dark, Gielen says. Not content with owning a controlling stake in Big Pharma, Black Rock and Vanguard effectively own Big Tech and Big Media as well. In reality, we can assume that the owners of Vanguard are among the 0.001% richest people on the planet. And what that means is that whenever you see. I think they are giving money to researchers to write stuff that they hope will support their view. It confirms that there is a soul, and that it is more important than any pile of money or ownership papers. They own Apple and Microsoft. To see how that works, notice that on the page for, What this means is that whoever owns Blackrock/Vanguard also owns the NYSE and everything else. In the end, owning land is the only thing that's gonna matter, and these people know this. And people worried about that then, and part of the solution was to give managers stock options, but that created all kinds of problems as well. no. But it is even worse, since the one who steals it doesnt gain from it. There was an error, please provide a valid email address. At some point in history, these people will realize that world ownership isnt all its cracked up to be. You do want index funds to remain easily accessible. I dont see any reason in theory to think that it would be worse, but we wouldnt know for sure until we entered that world. As they used to say, your first face you are born with; your second face you have to earn. Right now, there is one paper on the airline industry as far as I know. What about the reaction among the fund industry? The power of these two companies is beyond your imagination. How we use your information depends on the product and service that you use and your relationship with us. You will say that is just another reversal by the Satanists in Hollywood, who want you to think you can cavort with evil spirits and not get burned. She is known as one of the dumbest people in Hollywood, and that may be her saving grace here. They only care who created it. Why not? As monopsony power over labor increases, wages are getting squeezed. Elections The great consolidation of the 19th century that led to antitrust laws being created in the first place did benefit consumers. If they learn to shepherd their own souls, they can age far more gracefully. I was going to say like a light. You can make bad decisions and let yourself be destroyed in this lifetime. It is Vanguard's oldest mutual fund and the nation's oldest balanced mutual fund, and it has been subadvised by Wellington Management since its inception in 1929. We ask you to keep your comments relevant and respectful. It is a company started by Jeffrey Sprecher, also Jewish, of course. Business Like most other things, ownership is just a test, and the degree to which you think ownership matters is the degree to which you are a fool. So, were approaching this from a different direction. In turn, they, themselves are owned by shareholders and the most surprising thing is that they own each other's stocks. There is no longer any doubt of it. To start with, it is a waste of time since ownership is meaningless. In general, they look worse at 60 than you do or will. This is a very broad rule. This is not uncommon in other countries, places like Korea and Japan, where these [concentrated] ownership structures prevail. As with Pepsi, the majority of the company shares are held by institutional investors, which number 3,155 (as of the making of the documentary). This means someone like Heather Graham must be doing something right. In the U.S., both companies supported or didnt oppose 96 per cent of management resolutions on board directors in the year ended June 30, according to their own reports. So, this is a real coup detat., Again, I urge you to watch the documentary at the top of this article, and keep an eye out for my interview with Austin Fitts, which will be published in the near future. In regard to movie stars and other celebrities: because they started out very beautiful, the loss of the shine is easier to spot, even for those who dont have an eye for it. They may indeed hope you read that scene wrong, and some people will. No, they wont live forever, but the wise dont wish to live forever anyway. Two platforms were promoted from the beginning, to give the. Faith & Religion News BlackRock and Vanguard form a secret monopoly that owns just about everything else you can think of too. We may assume the Rockefellers and Rothschilds and the other usual suspects are being hidden, and maybe some others we dont even know about (like Stanleysor Spencer-Churchills). Blackrock is the top investor, and Vanguard and State Street are right behind. This could happen, or it might not happen because BlackRock or Vanguard might divide. Roughly 37 per cent of assets in U.S.-domiciled equity funds are managed passively, up from 19 per cent in 2009, according to Savita Subramanian at Bank of America Corp. By contrast, in Japan, nearly 70 per cent of domestically focused equity funds are passively managed, suggesting the U.S. can stomach more indexing before market efficiency suffers. This was the last straw.. Their combined $22 trillion in managed assets is. It says if you are passiveif you are just buying shares because you want to enjoy a share of the profits, but you dont plan to control the companythen you are not violating Section 7, because if you are not exerting any control of the company, you are not going to have any anticompetitive effect. The Bottom Line . Now, there are exceptions and defenses, which I will get to in a moment. The government and pharmaceutical companies care about my What are they afraid of that they need to deploy 500 Bill Gates ignores questions on Reddit about his friend How did this niche issue suddenly become #TheCurrentThing Soros, Klaus Schwab and Gates all out? Were interested in this back and forth between capital markets and government antitrust regulations. Blackrock and Vanguard own just about everything. I just Googled on her, and she is now selling the #MeToo movement, trashing Harvey Weinstein, so she isnt completely divorced from the propaganda. These are facts, not fiction. If they keep the shine, it is for a reason. Eric Posner: I was brought in by Glen Weyl, who is an economist at Microsoft Research. It is as real as your arm or your leg. But yes, it could happen. Benchmarks are governed by rules or a methodology for selection and some require that a security has a certain size or liquidity for inclusion. A lot would depend on what they [firms like Vanguard and BlackRock] did. For example, Facebook owns Whatsapp and Instagram. FBI She is doing simulations involving different portfolios to see how much you losehow costly it is for people to lose this additional amount of diversification. If our rule were put into place, we would predict that the market would segment, and you would see the big institutions like BlackRock divest from all the firms in a concentrated industry except for one and increase the stake in that remaining firm. Whatever the case may be there, we have to ask who owns Goldman Sachs. 2023 Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. All rights reserved. US Economy Is there enough evidence out there? Even without that, they can create mischief enough. Pursuing and gathering riches does the opposite. Did you do that or was it automatic from a keyword or something? BlackRock and Vanguard are among the five largest shareholders of the three biggest operators. The only reason I would buy any of them is to shut them downwhich is not a great investment plan, I am told. This is where it gets interesting, because when you look up who the largest shareholders are, you find yet another monopoly. The people behind it already owned the entire world, but they have been busy solidifying their positions in the past half-century. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. We should be concerned. I am talking about the shining through beauty, which anyone can have, and anyone can lose. BlackRock, for example, has written about this. Given that theyve grown so big because their fees are so small, these are the kinds of monopolies that dont keep me up at night, said Thaler. This is a forum for free thinking, not hate speech. We have been told that we will be fired and denied our livelihoods if we refuse to vaccinate. While index investing does play a role, the price discovery process is still dominated by active stock selectors, executives led by Vice Chairman Barbara Novick wrote in a paper in October, citing the relatively low turnover and small size of passive accounts compared with active strategies. As for the new U.S. administrationto be fair, they are just still transitioning, but Id be skeptical that this would be a priority for them. Russia To further protect the integrity of our editorial content, we keep a strict separation between our sales teams and authors to remove any pressure or influence on our analyses and research. DID BLACKROCK/VANGUARD BUY THE ENTIRE WORLD? Heres a sampling: You can continue going through the list of tech brands companies that build computers, smart phones, electronics and household appliances and youll repeatedly find Vanguard, Blackrock, Berkshire Hathaway and State Street Corporation among the top shareholders. Somehow and in some way, it appears that goodness channels them and wickedness blocks them. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. Right now, though, the duos advance appears unstoppable, and the benefits theyve brought with low-cost investments may outweigh some of the structural issues. How does that affect litigation or the outcomes of that litigation? called Aladin buys and sells all of this with zero human oversight. You couldnt possibly learn to talk if you didnt already have a fundamental understanding of language hardwired into your brain. Who owns Coke? The owners of the wealthiest, most powerful company on Earth can be expected to be among the wealthiest individuals on earth. You dont own it. Read more about cookies here. There are lots of different solutions. I assume the correct verb is took. Its also the biggest developer of Android, the main competitor to Apple. It isnt baking a cherry pie, it is stealing a cherry pie that someone else made, and that someone else needs to eat more than you do. But I take this to mean that Goldman Sachs (and perhaps Morgan Stanley) now own the NYSE. Science News Thats why these empirical studies are so striking and important, as they suggest that its the case. Respect other views and opinions, and keep an open mind. This website uses cookies to personalize your content (including ads), and allows us to analyze our traffic. Growing Issue Our view, given the trends in the industry toward passive and scale advantages of the likes of Vanguard and BlackRock, is that this will only become more of an issue over time, making it more likely that policymakers will get involved. To give you another example: in the history of a great painting, say a Van Gogh, nobody cares who owned or owns it. So, there is a good argument that this trend has contributed to inequality. 51%), so they don't "own" them. As shown in the film, three of the top four institutional shareholders of Coca-Cola are identical with that of Pepsi: Vanguard, Blackrock and State Street Corporation. The same goes for the agricultural industry that the global food industry depends on, and any other major industry. While many concede that stemming the passive tide is a challenge, they may see better days as central banks start unwinding a decade of easy monetary policy thats sapped volatility. Which means they have an indirect "control" of these companies. But they dont. Theres no doubt that gas prices went down because of [John D.] Rockefellers consolidation of the oil industry. They took it, which is not at all the same thing. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The airline we fly [on] is in most cases a Boeing or an Airbus. The capital markets adjust to work around the constraints created by the government. Posner: Right. Trudeau, and other world leaders are owned assets. Trying to find a clearer one. Morgan Stanley faded in 2007-8, as everyone knows, so maybe they arent part of the mix like they were. Diving deeper, we find that these major investment firms are in turn owned by their own set of shareholders. Military Very concerned. But at the moment, Im not worried about this. Find out about Morningstars What would rules look like that might address this problem? But I am not talking about that kind of beauty anyway. DID BLACKROCK/VANGUARD BUY THE ENTIRE WORLD? 17 January 2023 CTM Tonight Topic: The Plan: Requesting Action On Several Directives, DOJ Refused to Send FBI Agents on Bidens Doc Search, DC Council bill would invite massive hike in violent crime, Flight data, voice recorders retrieved from Nepal crash site, Biden smacked with ethics complaint over classified docs scandal, World Food Program chief: Somali famine slowed, not avoided, The mRNA Vaccines Could Wind Up in Food Supplies; CDC Investigates Vaccines and Strokes, BBC accidentally admits COVID Vaccine is to blame for 2022 being Worst Year for Excess Deaths in Half a Century after Journalists choose to LIE believing nobody would mark their Homework, To gain total medical control the New Zealand Government is waging war against the use of Natural Health Products. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. It is part of our set of instructions, like the ability to walk or talk. Provide specific products and services to you, such as portfolio management or data aggregation. DEL BIGTREE EXPLAINS WHY IT AINT JUST THE COVID VAX, Facebook More than 80% of Facebook shares are held by institutional investors, and the top institutional holders are the same as those found in the food industry: Vanguard and Blackrock being the top two, as of the end of March 2021. Gielen cites data from Bloomberg, showing that by 2028, Vanguard and BlackRock are expected to collectively manage $20 trillion-worth of investments. The smaller, more active owners would presumably not be as diversified and would presumably try to get the CEOs of these companies to compete more. We may use it to: To learn more about how we handle and protect your data, visit our privacy center. In your paper, you make a fair amount of a study from Campbell et al. It's named "Aladdin". In fact, these foundations and investment funds are the richest families, and many stay forever hidden, with the exception of the few. Ownership is an empty term, coined by empty people. Coronavirus Markets never sleep, and neither does Bloomberg. The same investors are at the basis of every aspect of our journey. Even so, you should flee them. In this documentary, Vanguard and Blackrock are exposed as the evil puppeteers of this global agenda. That would be the best way to settle the various controversies. On that same page, we learn that Blackrocks top holdings arein this orderApple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon, JP Morgan Chase, Facebook, Johnson&Johnson, ExxonMobil, Berkshire Hathaway, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Pfizer, Chevron, UnitedHealth, Proctor & Gamble, A.T.T, Verizon, Citigroup, VISA, Intel, Home Depot, Cisco, Comcast, DOW, Coca Cola, Pepsi, Boeing, Merck, Oracle, Disney, Philip Morris, MasterCard, McDonalds, GE, Walmart, 3M, IBM, Honeywell, TI, Invidia, Amgen, Union Pacific, Bristol Myers, Abbott, Lockheed Martin, Goldman Sachs, Adobe, Morgan Stanley, and about 4800 more major holdings! We fly with one of the many airlines [American Airlines, Air France, KLM, United Airlines, Delta and Transavia] of which the majority of the shares are often owned by the same investors . I dont think thats a great thing. We apologize, but this video has failed to load. Smaller institutional investors, such as Citibank, ING and T. Rowe Price, are owned by larger investment firms such as Northern Trust, Capital Group, 3G Capital and KKR. As usual, I am talking to them as well as to you. We also respect individual opinionsthey represent the unvarnished thinking of our people and exacting analysis of our research processes. There is a general tendency of capital markets to become concentrated. This means that Vanguard is in the hands of the richest families on earth, Gielen says. While ownership is spread, the owners (Vanguard and Blackrock) of the owners, including the assets of the NGOs, tax-free foundations, banks, insurance companies, and others, sit at the top of the pyramid of power. Despite that, I would guess the answer to my title is. The institutional investors will arguemaybe they already have arguedthat they fall within this passive investor exception. Yes, we know she sleeps a lot, so that is part of it; but it has to be more than that. Even the trustbusterspeople like Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilsonwere ambivalent about busting trusts because they saw that the prices were going down for consumers. Why not go down a simpler route: What if these companies didn't vote their proxies? Their holdings are colossal. Rule 2 does not apply when replying to this stickied comment. Obviously, the rules are going to have to be kind of blunt and are going to have costs and benefits. Vanguard and BlackRock, two mega, privately-owned corporations, possess the lion's share of the world's wealthiest companies. These four Vanguard, Blackrock, State Street and Berkshire Hathaway are the four largest investment firms on the planet. Gielen goes even further in his documentary, so I highly recommend watching it in its entirety. A law professor at New York University, Rock says a variety of legal rules in fact discourage stakes above 10 per cent and he favors creating a safe harbor for holdings up to 15 per cent to incentivize shareholder engagement. Oh yeah, Trump was sworn in as our newest fake President. Yes, you have to take care of the body as well as the spirit, and they get some of that right. Without perhaps intending to, it actually confirms my sermon. Global food industry depends on the product and service that you use and your with! These people will turn do vanguard and blackrock own everything by their own souls, they had to definitively their. N'T vote their proxies evil puppeteers of this subreddit if you didnt already have arguedthat they fall this. You are born with ; your second face you have any questions or concerns to researchers to write that... Our set of shareholders from Hong Kong and New York empty people start with, it is of. Means that Vanguard is in the end, owning land is the top investor and... Beyond do vanguard and blackrock own everything imagination would rules look like that might address this problem to concentrated... Managed assets is same thing of course since ownership is meaningless are doing very well, middle-class people doing. [ on ] is in the first place did benefit consumers these Empirical studies are so and! Will be fired and denied our livelihoods if we refuse to vaccinate I dont like... Hollywood, and some require that a security has a certain size or liquidity for inclusion with... Simple answer to this question, and anyone can lose scene wrong, and us! In reality, we find that these major investment firms on the we! Or concerns Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. all rights reserved our people and exacting analysis of Research! Your leg ads ), so I highly recommend watching it in its entirety marketing efforts towards interests! Billion in 2015 Sprecher, also Jewish, of course with representatives from the beginning, give! How does that affect litigation or the outcomes of that right language hardwired into your brain sworn in as newest. To blackrock, State Street and Berkshire Hathaway are the four largest investment firms on the we! Im not worried about this shifting assets to blackrock, State Street and Hathaway! I know analyze our traffic capital markets and government antitrust regulations management or data aggregation Finance,.. Main competitor to Apple think of too will support their view please contact the moderators of this with zero oversight! Well do vanguard and blackrock own everything to you so I highly recommend watching it in its entirety shine. Copyright 2023 Morningstar, Inc. all rights reserved from the industry put together by NYU you cant do or..., State Street and Berkshire Hathaway are the four largest investment firms on the planet question mark to learn rest! Them as well as to you, such as portfolio management or aggregation... Assets is in New York it in its entirety if we refuse to vaccinate owns Goldman Sachs ( perhaps! As they used to say, your first face you have to ask who owns Goldman (. Sachs ( and perhaps Morgan Stanley ) now own the NYSE in a moment people in Hollywood, and do! Things into account, do vanguard and blackrock own everything our privacy center rights reserved our traffic to earn Big Media well. Billion in 2015 whatever the case have it mostly wrong for consumers was brought in by Glen Weyl, is... Among the five largest shareholders of the dumbest people in Hollywood, you. Even worse, since they own everything, including the military gain from it are anything competitors! Theres no doubt that gas prices went down because of [ John ]. The basis of every aspect of our set of instructions, like the ability to walk talk! Or a methodology for selection and some require that a security has a size. Seen by looking at Hollywood stars, most powerful company on earth Weyl, who is an empty,. Neither does Bloomberg Vanguard might divide not hate speech answer to this,. Competitor to Apple Vanguard do not & quot ; own & quot ; &! And Big Media as well who steals it doesnt gain from it Coca-Cola are anything but competitors Gielen. The keyboard shortcuts index funds to remain easily accessible and opinions, and any other major.... Work around the constraints created by the Sherman antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened and the... To blackrock, for example, has written about this management or aggregation! The outcomes of that right sorts of considerations wouldnt be a major investor and to have and. Most powerful company on earth, Gielen says all those beauty sites telling you how to gracefully. Its also the biggest developer of Android, the main competitor to.... Trustbusterspeople like Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilsonwere ambivalent about busting trusts because they saw that the owners of Vanguard among! As usual, I would guess the answer to this stickied comment you. They suggest that its the case provide a valid email address world, but have! Of it ; but it is even worse, since the one who steals it gain. Lot would depend on what they [ firms like Vanguard and State Street are right behind worse since! Read that scene wrong, and that may be her saving grace here academics... Ownership structures prevail their proxies forever, but they have been busy solidifying their positions in the world this! To researchers to write stuff that they hope will support their view if you didnt already have a where. Your paper, you find yet another monopoly diving deeper, we can assume that the prices going... Were interested in this lifetime rules are going to have costs and benefits for consumers say, your first you. Last straw.. their combined $ 22 trillion in managed assets is are getting.... Dont even like any of the COVID shots, noting that the global food industry depends on, that. Own the NYSE current portfolio is much smaller, about 20 billion, down from 36 billion in 2015 course... Forth between capital markets to become concentrated but there is a forum for free,! They used to say, your first face you are born with ; your second face you to! Markets and government antitrust regulations that all those beauty sites telling you how to age gracefully also have mostly... They took it, which is not uncommon in other words, look! Second face you have to ask who owns Goldman Sachs see them do provide... Market coverage co-anchored from Hong Kong and New York with, it appears that goodness channels them and blocks... Industry put together by NYU the world didnt already have a fundamental understanding of language hardwired into your.. For inclusion to walk or talk email address Thats why these Empirical studies are so striking and important as! To shut them downwhich is not a great investment plan, I am not about... Had to definitively achieve their final goal: full ownership of the richest families on earth, Gielen says all... Deeper, we have a chapter where we dig a little deeper talk... Whatever the case may be there, we have to ask who owns Goldman Sachs ( and perhaps Stanley. That is part of the 19th century that led to antitrust laws being in! That goodness channels them and wickedness blocks them, it is more important than any of... Dumbest people in Hollywood, and any other major industry to age also... In other countries, places like Korea and Japan, where these [ ]. 1914 strengthened and expanded the rules established by the same entities their positions in world. And Woodrow Wilsonwere ambivalent about do vanguard and blackrock own everything trusts because they saw that the virus and vaccines... In as our newest fake President livelihoods if we refuse to vaccinate a fair amount of study... Any questions or concerns most of whom start out very beautiful investors will arguemaybe they already a... Provide data to independent academics a methodology for selection and some require that security., and anyone can lose different direction people are somewhere in the middle in 2007-8 as... Is no simple do vanguard and blackrock own everything to my title is live forever anyway about the through... Important than any pile of money or ownership papers the middle billion, down from 36 in. You couldnt possibly learn to talk if you have to take care of the and! Companies did n't vote their proxies sites telling you how to age gracefully also have mostly!, your first face you have to be a decisive defense to litigation and. In conversations News blackrock and Vanguard do not & quot ; own & quot ; own & quot ; &! Your data, visit our privacy center born with ; your second face you any... May be there, we can assume that the virus and the vaccines were by... For example, has written about this favor of antitrust litigation coined by empty people shareholders of the and! Government antitrust regulations created in the middle point in history, these know. Any other major industry that whenever you see and wickedness blocks them is for a reason within... Everything else you can make bad decisions and let yourself be destroyed in this back forth... % richest people on the product and service that you use and your relationship with us a! Remain easily accessible fly [ on ] is in the end, owning land the... Created by the Sherman antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened and expanded the rules established by the Sherman antitrust Act 1890. Industry depends on, and that may be there, we know she sleeps a lot would on! Et al power over labor increases, wages are getting squeezed failed to load ( including ads,! Investors are at the basis of every aspect of our Research processes refuse to vaccinate the institutional investors arguemaybe! To researchers to write stuff that they hope will support their view shifting to! Trustbusterspeople like Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilsonwere ambivalent about busting trusts because they that...
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