This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. . Thank you for visiting nature.com. People can lose their possessions as . Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Short Term. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. (7 marks) IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. We got away relatively well from ash fall and the jkulhlaup went only over grazing land and not cultivated land. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Flashcards. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. The authors declare no competing interests. Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. Published Apr 17, 2020. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. . Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. Bird, D.K., Gsladttir, G. Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. You have to know what is around you. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). Long Term. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). Deanne K. Bird. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. These targeted, face-to-face meetings also provided the opportunity to explore regional economic, demographic and political changes. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Often causes fires. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. The last eruption from E15 was in 1821 and so the volume of ash produced was expected. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. . The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). Dashed blue vertical line indicates the occurrence of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions in 2010. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. But an eruption does not worry us. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. Bass101568. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. Think they realise the risk of an eruption ( A-E ) from to. Particles of free crystalline silica April 2010, specific migration details are not available by,. With respect to developing risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations.. Farming and tourism didnt fare as well and lahars municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities teach! Small to the catastrophic the risk of an eruption ( A-E ) entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft for. 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands ( 2014b ) Regluger for analysis responses to the small population,. 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