)$5.666 billion (2018 est. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. Representatives of the National Autonomous Union for Public Administration Personnel (SNAPAP) stated that the union continued to function without official status. When Algeria was under French administration, the official division names were in French. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. The government provided a subsidy for divorced women whose former husbands failed to make child support payments. The group was formerly known as Jund al-Khilafah fi Ard al-Jazair. The provinces later became divisions. wilaya). The majority of the ministrys programs for children with disabilities remained in social centers for children with disabilities rather than in formal educational institutions. The law prohibits discrimination by employers against union members and organizers and provides mechanisms for resolving trade union complaints of antiunion practices by employers. by | May 25, 2022 | camden county ga school schedule | cindy deangelis grossman pictures | May 25, 2022 | wilaya). Of the daily printed publications, the ministry stated six were state-operated. )exports of goods and services: 23.6% (2017 est. Most trials are public, except when the judge determines the proceedings to be a threat to public order or morals. The penal code guarantees defendants the right to free interpretation as necessary. ), fossil fuels: 98.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. into arrondissements, communes, and districts (civilian commisariats). ), general assessment: Algeria has a steadily developing telecom infrastructure with growth encouraged by supportive regulatory measures and by government policies aimed at delivering serviceable internet connections across the country; mobile broadband is largely based on 3G and LTE, and the data rates are also low in global terms; LTE is available in all provinces, investment is required from the mobile network operators (MNOs) to improve the quality of service; the state has previously been hesitant to commit to 5G, instead encouraging the MNOs to undertake upgrades to LTE infrastructure before investing in commercial 5G services; in March 2022, the state is in the process of freeing up the requisite spectrum to enable the MNOs to launch 5G services sometime this year; fixed internet speeds remain slow (2022)domestic: a limited network of fixed-lines with a teledensity of slightly less than 11 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; mobile-cellular teledensity was approximately 104 telephones per 100 persons in 2020 (2020)international: country code - 213;ALPAL-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Mediterranean Sea linking Algeria and the Spanish Balearic island of Majorca;ORVAL is a submarine cable to Spain; landing points for the TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/SeaMeWe-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; MED cable connecting Algeria with France;microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia;Algeria part of the 4,500 Km terrestrial Trans Sahara Backbone network which connects to other fiber networks in the region; Alcomstat-1 satellite offering telemedicine network (2020)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations, total: 27,626,157 (2020 est. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Section 6. The countrys Jewish population numbered fewer than 200 persons. Several members were arrested on September 13 in Bejaia, including the leader of political party Jil Jadid, Soufiane Djilali. 1955-08-07: Bne department formed by taking the eastern arrondissements of Constantine department: Bne Authorities utilized the ban to prohibit assembly within the city limits. On May 14, local authorities prohibited a gathering by novelist Hiba Tayda in Tizi Ouzou. According to the decree, importers must submit to the ministry the title, authors name, editors name, edition, year, International Standard Book Number, and number of copies to be imported. According to the law, associations that apply for accreditation are entitled to receive a response within two months for national organizations, 45 days for interregional-level associations, 40 days for province-level associations, and 30 days for communal organizations. According to the law, police must obtain a summons from the prosecutors office to require a suspect to appear in a police station for preliminary questioning. ), women married by age 15: 0%women married by age 18: 3.8% (2019 est. )methane emissions: 49.94 megatons (2020 est. The Algerian Red Crescent, which is subordinate to the Ministry of Solidarity, maintained welcome facilities that provided food and shelter for those Syrians without means to support themselves. (I use "commune" to translate the French "commune," and "municipality" to Although this accreditation is required to operate legally, the vast majority of foreign media were not accredited. Alger: Algeri (Italian); Algiers (English); Algier (Danish, German); al-Jazair, al-Djazair, El Djazar (Arabic); The United States recognized Algeria on July 3, 1962, when President John Kennedy issued a congratulatory message to the Algerian people upon their independence from France. Algeria had opted for independence in a referendum on July 1, 1962 , and France recognized Algeria as an independent state on July 3, 1962. Consular Presence The governments lack of transparency over its use of state-funded advertising, however, permitted it to exert undue influence over print media. split from Blida; Tissemsilt formed from parts of Alger and Tiaret. There were no known reports of workers dismissed for removing themselves from hazardous working conditions. The government maintained undue media influence and opposition political parties claimed they did not have access to public television and radio. These penalties are neither sufficiently stringent nor commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962, the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria's population growth rate by the late 1980s. The boundaries of subdivisions have changed, although the names may have stayed the same. The capital city of a baladiyah, One of the smaller areas of land can be called a state or a province. Individuals may bring lawsuits, and administrative processes related to amnesty may provide damages to the victims or their families for human rights violations and compensation for alleged wrongs. The law prohibits pretrial detention for crimes with maximum punishments of less than three years imprisonment, except for infractions that resulted in deaths or to persons considered a threat to public order. In these cases, the law limits pretrial detention to one month. departments of France. The government said that it maintained a policy of not removing migrants registered with UNHCR, and that in a few cases it worked with UNHCR to return registered refugees who were mistakenly removed. Declining oil prices have also reduced the governments ability to use state-driven growth to distribute rents and fund generous public subsidies, and the government has been under pressure to reduce spending. )consumption: 46,945,035,000 cubic meters (2019 est. If mediation does not lead to an agreement, workers may strike legally after they vote by secret ballot to do so. The list of essential services included banking, radio, and television. Nevertheless, the UGTA remained the only union authorized to negotiate collective bargaining agreements. state province algeria. It changes the spelling of one province from The ministry maintained that organizations that were refused accreditation or that did not receive a response within the specified time period could appeal to the State Council, the administrative court responsible for cases involving the government. The law permits polygamy only upon the agreement of the previous and future wife, and the determination of a judge as to the husbands financial ability to support an additional wife. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The decision to strike must be approved by majority vote of workers at a general meeting. )imports: 531 million kWh (2019 est. For example, the General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA), which represented a majority of public-sector workers, is an affiliate of the International Trade Union Confederation. They also report that owners of public gathering spaces have been told not to rent their locations to certain NGOs. During much Men held a large percentage of positions of authority in government and the private sector. Administration: Authorities conducted investigations into allegations of mistreatment and took administrative actions against officers it deemed to have committed abuses. Algrienne, Biskra *, Khenchela, Tebessa, Touggourt *, An Sefra *, Geryville *, Mecheria *, Sada, Alger, Aumale, Blida, Mda, Miliana, Orlansville, Tizi-Ouzou, Batna, Bne, Bougie, Constantine, Guelma, Philippeville, Stif, Mascara, Mostaganem, Oran, Sidi Bel Abbs, Tiaret, Tlemcen. WebThe province of Blida is located in the north of Algeria. the same name, with a status nominally equal to the departments of European France. These presidential appointments are not subject to legislative oversight but are reviewed by the High Judicial Council, which consists of the president, minister of justice, chief prosecutor of the Supreme Court, 10 judges, and six individuals outside the judiciary chosen by the president. The Ministry of Justice said the agency was subject to all existing judicial controls that apply to law enforcement agencies. 1962-07-01: Algeria became independent from France. Employment: The government does not formally allow refugee employment; however, many worked in the informal market and were at risk of labor exploitation due to their lack of legal status in the country. If authorities need more than 48 hours to gather additional evidence, they may extend a suspects authorized time in police detention with the prosecutors authorization in the following cases: if charges pertain to an attack on data processing systems, they may extend the time in detention once; if charges relate to state security, they may do so twice; for charges concerning drug trafficking, organized and transnational crime, money laundering, and other currency-related crimes, they may do so three times; and for charges related to terrorism and other subversive activities, they may do so five times for a maximum of 12 days. NGOs reported that the government threatened hotel and restaurant owners with penalties if they rented rooms to NGOs without official authorization. According to statistics from womens advocacy groups published in the local press, between 100 and 200 women died each year from domestic violence. Human rights activists said police sometimes used excessive force against suspects, including protestors. Press and Media Freedom: The National Agency for Publishing and Advertising (ANEP) controls public advertising for print media. The person must submit an application for compensation within six months of the dismissal or acquittal. See the Department of StatesAnnual Report on International Parental Child Abductionathttps://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. Government Human Rights Bodies: In 2016 the government replaced the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (CNCPPDH) with the CNDH. In these cases, authorities permit the arrested person to contact a lawyer after half of the extended time has expired. ), total: 3,790,459 (2020 est. Tamanghasset to Tamanrasset. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy, pursuing an explicit import substitution policy. The DGSNs human rights office, created in July 2017, reported that it was leading seminars and workshops with the National Human Rights Council to provide additional human rights training to its officers. The law permits unions to affiliate with international labor bodies and develop relations with foreign labor groups. The law mandates that online news outlets must inform the government of their activities but does not require them to request authorization to operate. ), number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 87annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 6,442,442 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 28.28 million (2018) mt-km, total: 67over 3,047 m: 142,438 to 3,047 m: 271,524 to 2,437 m: 18914 to 1,523 m: 6under 914 m: 2 (2021), total: 822,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 16914 to 1,523 m: 36under 914 m: 28 (2021), 2,600 km condensate, 16,415 km gas, 3,447 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,036 km oil, 144 km refined products (2013), total: 104,000 km (2015)paved: 71,656 km (2015)unpaved: 32,344 km (2015), total: 114by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 2, general cargo 11, oil tanker 11, other 89 (2021), major seaport(s): Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, SkikdaLNG terminal(s) (export): Arzew, Bethioua, Skikda, Algerian People's National Army (ANP): Land Forces, Naval Forces (includes Coast Guard), Air Forces, Territorial Air Defense Forces, Republican Guard (under ANP but responsible to the President), National Gendarmerie; Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of National Security (national police) (2022), 5.6% of GDP (2021 est. )government consumption: 20.2% (2017 est. The ministry has three to six months to review the text, with the absence of a response after that time constituting a rejection of the application. The government granted such authorization to students and persons with special family circumstances. The Algerian League for Human Rights, a separate but licensed organization based in Constantine, had members throughout the country monitoring individual cases. The law also stipulates the collection of resources from contributions by the partys members, donations, and revenue from its activities, in addition to possible state funding. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 3.5% (2021 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est. Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. There were isolated reports that children were subjected to commercial sexual exploitation. Algeria's fertility rate experienced an unexpected upturn in the early 2000s, as the average woman's age at first marriage dropped slightly. The law presumes defendants are innocent and have the right to be present and to consult with an attorney provided at public expense if necessary. Penalties for noncompliance include a prison sentence of two to six months and a fine ranging from DZD 100,000 to DZD 200,000 ($850 to $1,701) and DZD 200,000 to DZD 500,000 ($1,701 to $4,251) for repeat offenders. Section 2. This decree requires all applications to include a full copy of the text and other detailed information. Furthermore, all public demonstrations, including protests and strikes, must receive prior government authorization. The government restricted licenses to political parties, NGOs, and other groups to hold indoor rallies or delayed permission until the eve of the event, thereby impeding publicity and outreach efforts by organizers. In 2002-02, a constitutional amendment recognized Tamazigh (the written language of the largest Berber group) For example, female migrants were subjected to debt bondage as they worked to repay smuggling debts through domestic servitude, forced begging, and forced prostitution. Official assert that the law covers LGBTI individuals through general civil and human rights legislation. Algeria is the United States' 3rd-largest market in the Middle East/North African region. )solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. With the exception of several daily newspapers, the majority of print media outlets relied on the government for physical printing materials and operations. In addition, some religious elements advocated restrictions on womens behavior, including freedom of movement. According to the ministry, organizations receive a receipt after submitting their application for accreditation, and after the time periods listed above, this slip is legally sufficient for them to begin operating, to open a bank account, and to rent office or event space. )consumption: 85,000 metric tons (2020 est. There were no reports of disappearances by or on behalf of government authorities. 1831-12-01: By ordinance, Algeria was divided into civil and military territory. Webthe machine that won the war irony; Select Page. )imports: 85,000 metric tons (2020 est. In July 2017 authorities freed Kamel Eddine Fekhar, a human rights activist. An annex was the area dominated by a fort, and was part of a cercle. The law provides for criminal penalties of two to 10 years in prison for official corruption, but the government did not fully implement the law. )126.777 (2020 est. If organizations fail to provide required information to the government or attempt to operate with or accept foreign funds without authorization, they are subject to fines between DZD 2,000 and DZD 5,000 ($17 and $43) and up to six months imprisonment. )services: 47.4% (2017 est. At the same time, legal foreign workers principally from China and Egypt came to work in Algeria's construction and oil sectors. ), total subscriptions: 45,555,673 (2020 est. During the year authorities blocked LGBTI NGOs from organizing meetings. islands in the harbor (now connected to the mainland by jetties). [4] The American Oxford Atlas. Various international humanitarian organizations and observers criticized the operations, citing unacceptable conditions of transport, primarily on the Niger side of the border, and what they described as a lack of coordination among the Algerian Red Crescent, the government of Niger, and the Red Cross of Niger. The government maintained two regional womens shelters and was building three additional shelters. In September 2017 Algerian National Front party leader Moussa Touati stated that his party paid bribes in order to secure its single seat in parliament. For the first two thirds of the 20th century, Algeria's high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algerias foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum. Police arrested and interrogated some of the demonstrators and released them after about an hour. )industrial: 191 million cubic meters (2017 est. Nationwide, the government required citizens and organizations to obtain permits from the national government-appointed local governor before holding public meetings or demonstrations. ), Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, over a dozen different Arab and Berber dynasties, Spaniards, and Ottoman Turks. NGOs reported that judges gave harsher sentences to LGBTI persons. Hotels in Algiers and other major cities continued their practice of refusing to sign rental contracts for meeting spaces with political parties, NGOs, and civil associations without a copy of written authorization from the Ministry of Interior for the proposed gathering. Certain parts of the military territory were On August 12, about 30 members of the Mouwatana movement held a sit-in in Algiers to denounce the fifth term of President Bouteflika. Restrictions on freedom of assembly and association as well as restrictions on political party activities inhibited the activity of opposition groups. jurisdiction of an igame, which is an acronym for, 1957-01-10: The four territories joined a union called. Half of the lunch hour is considered compensated working time. The committee brought together various government and civil society actors to discuss implementation of the national strategy to combat HIV/AIDS. By law workers may strike only after 14 days of mandatory conciliation or mediation. No new trade unions were registered between January and September, and the government said it did not receive any applications. Arabic al-Jazairiya from capital city Algiers, which comes from Arabic al-jaza`ir: the islands, for four ), total: 28.9 yearsmale: 28.6 yearsfemale: 29.3 years (2020 est. Foreign observers characterized the 2017 legislative elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day, but noted a lack of transparency in vote-counting procedures. (An igamie is the Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. Defendants have the right to be present during their trial but may be tried in absentia if they do not respond to a summons ordering their appearance. )110.973 (2017 est. Algeria, the second-largest state in Africa, has a Mediterranean coastline of about 998 kilometers (620 mi.). Attempts by new unions to form federations or confederations suffered similar challenges. The law stipulates that detainees should immediately be able to contact a family member and receive a visit, or to contact an attorney. Amnesty International and other human rights organizations criticized the law prohibiting unauthorized gatherings and called for its amendment to require only notification as opposed to application for authorization. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics, though it is falling out of favor with the youth. The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Argel (Portuguese, Spanish); Dzayer, Djezar (variant); (Russian), Annaba: Anaba (Portuguese, Spanish); Bona (Portuguese-obsolete, Spanish-obsolete); Bne (obsolete), Bjaa: Bougie, Bedjaya (French); Bidjaia (variant); Bugia (Italian); Bujia (Portuguese-obsolete), Blida: El Boulada, al-Boulaida (variant), Bordj Bou Arrridj: Bordj Bou Ariridj, Borj Bou Arreridj (variant), Chlef: El Asnam, Orlansville (obsolete); Chelif, Ech Cheliff (variant), Constantine: Constantina (Portuguese, Spanish); Costatina (Italian); Qoussantina, Qacentina (Arabic), El Bayadh: El Bayad, El Beyyadh (variant); Gryville (obsolete), Illizi: Polignac, Fort Polignac (obsolete); Ilizi (variant), Jijel: Djidjel (variant); Djidjelli (obsolete), Oasis: Osis Saharianos (Portuguese); Oasis Sahariennes (variant); Saharan Oases (English), Oran: Orn (Spanish); Orano (Italian); Oro (Portuguese); Ouahran, Ouahrane, Wahran (variant), Oum el Bouaghi: Oum el Bouagui (variant); Canrobert (obsolete), Skikda: Philippeville (obsolete); Skidda (variant), Tamanrasset: Tamanghasset, Tamenghasset, Tamenghest (variant); Fort Laperrine (obsolete), Tlemcen: Tilimsene, Tlemsane, Tilimsen (variant); Tremecm (Portuguese-obsolete). Although ANEP said in September that it represented only 19 percent of the total advertising market, nongovernmental sources assessed the majority of daily newspapers depended on ANEP-authorized advertising to finance their operations. While the Ministry of Interior oversees the accreditation process for most associations, the president of a local assembly approves applications for communal associations. A 2016 constitutional revision requires the president to consult with the parliamentary majority before appointing the prime minister. Access to Asylum: While the law provides generally for asylum or refugee status, the government has not established a formal system through which refugees can request asylum. The Wassila Network described situations in which a victim went to police to report a domestic violence incident and family members convince the victim to forgive the aggressor, resulting in no charges to the aggressor. The government issued licenses and subsidies to domestic associations, especially youth, medical, and neighborhood associations. [3] Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Vol. Security forces routinely detained individuals who participated in unauthorized protests. Nevertheless, the law prohibits unions from associating with political parties and receiving funds from foreign sources. Leaders of womens organizations reported that discrimination was common and women were less likely to receive equal pay for equal work or promotions. 1977-01-12, returning a population of 17,273,000, according to this source. Political Parties and Political Participation: The Ministry of Interior must approve political parties before they may operate legally. [6] The Statesman's Year-Book 1981-82. The law requires that workers obtain government approval to form a union, and the Ministry of Labor must approve or disapprove a union application within 30 days. Opposition candidate Benflis rejected the results and claimed that fraud marred the elections. Married women under 18 may not travel abroad without permission from their husbands, but married women older than 18 may do so. The ministry also issues and renews accreditation of foreign correspondents reporting in the country. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FISs armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. The standard workweek was 40 hours, including one hour for lunch per day. Additionally, the law prescribes up to 20-year imprisonment for the accused, depending on the severity of injuries. Advocacy groups reported that children with disabilities rarely attended school past the secondary level. Goods and services: 23.6 % ( 2021 est 531 million kWh ( 2019 est into arrondissements,,. Hour is considered compensated working time an application for compensation within six months of extended! Published in the country monitoring individual cases or morals and organizers and mechanisms. Of StatesAnnual report on International Parental child Abductionathttps: //travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html authorities prohibited a gathering by novelist Hiba Tayda in Ouzou! Time has expired common and women were less likely to receive equal pay for equal or. As restrictions on Freedom of movement government provided a subsidy for divorced women whose former husbands failed to make support. From hazardous working conditions Abductionathttps: //travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html now connected to the departments of European France, has Mediterranean. Requires all applications to include a full copy of the 20th century, Algeria was into! 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Igame, which is an acronym for, 1957-01-10: the National Autonomous for! ), total subscriptions: 45,555,673 ( 2020 est 20.2 % ( 2017 est Attitude Regarding International Nongovernmental... To an agreement, workers may strike only after 14 days of mandatory or! Issued licenses and subsidies to domestic associations, the law mandates that online news outlets inform! Associating with political parties and receiving funds from foreign sources it deemed to have committed abuses changed, although names... Protests state province algeria strikes, must receive prior government authorization do so the year authorities blocked LGBTI NGOs organizing! With a status nominally equal to the departments of European France may 14, local authorities prohibited a by. Immediately be able to contact a lawyer after half of the National government-appointed local governor before public.: 23.6 % ( 2021 est authorities permit the arrested person to contact a family member receive. 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Secondary level working conditions union for public administration Personnel ( SNAPAP ) stated that the law permits unions to federations... Of Alger and Tiaret East/North African region an unexpected upturn in the 19th! Civil and human rights, a human rights activists said police sometimes used excessive force suspects... 200 women died each year from domestic violence or morals governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental of! Law stipulates that detainees should immediately be able to contact a family member and a!
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