. Chagas' disease is an illness spread by insects, particularly in South and Central America. At the end of the book he concluded that: There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. [18][46] He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family. 213, Henslow, J. S. to Darwin, C. R., 31 August 1833", "Historical account and current ecological knowledge of the southernmost lizard in the world, Liolaemus magellanicus (Squamata: Liolaemidae)", "Darwin Online: 'Hurrah Chiloe': an introduction to the Port Desire Notebook", "Letter no. I make the argument that Darwin had multiple illnesses in his lifetime., Like most of the historical figures the conference has evaluated, Darwin died before the diseases that plagued him were described and studied. All three were knighted. While ill in 1862 Darwin began growing a beard, and when he reappeared in public in 1866 caricatures of him as an ape helped to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism.[147]. "Darwin, C. R. (Read 14 March 1837) Notes on Rhea americana and Rhea darwinii, "1,000 in 1832 2021 | UK Inflation Calculator", "Darwin Correspondence Project Letter 404 Buckland, William to Geological Society of London, 9 Mar 1838", "Darwin transmutation notebook D pp. [155][158], Even Darwin's close friends Gray, Hooker, Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support, as did many others, particularly younger naturalists. [139] In the book, Darwin set out "one long argument" of detailed observations, inferences and consideration of anticipated objections. [162] That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential "X Club" devoted to "science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas". Charles Darwin University Death Adder Envenoming Causes. These symptoms can take up to 20 years to manifest, so he very well might have been bitten by a bug while he was doing research when he was younger. He returned home on 29 August to find a letter from Henslow proposing him as a suitable (if unfinished) naturalist for a self-funded supernumerary place on HMSBeagle with captain Robert FitzRoy, a position for a gentleman rather than "a mere collector". Cause of one's own demise. [207] Charles Waring died of scarlet fever on 28 June 1858,[208] when Darwin wrote in his journal "Poor dear Baby died. [91] He stretched the funding to include his planned books on geology, and agreed to unrealistic dates with the publisher. Charles passed away on April 19, 1882 at the age of 73 in Down House, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom. Retrieved 11 November 2008.). [48] Despite suffering badly from seasickness, Darwin wrote copious notes while on board the ship. [18][96] Over time, his research drew on information from his relatives and children, the family butler, neighbours, colonists and former shipmates. [72], Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galpagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "wren" was in the finch group. SEHR. [56][57] Further south, he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches at a series of elevations. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants. The famed naturalist, best known for his theories of evolution and natural selection, suffered a fatal heart attack on April 19, 1882, after having survived a series of heart attacks in the previous years. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, London, next to John Herschel whose work had inspired him at.. Death.Following a lifetime of devout research, Charles Darwin died at his family home, Down House, in London, on April 19, 1882.He was buried at Westminster Abbey. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to entomology and influencing him to pursue beetle collecting. [236][237], I. Shutterstock. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution. His grandfathers Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood were both prominent abolitionists. [137] Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his "big book", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. [61] A year on, the mission had been abandoned. [224] Though commonplace in Britain at the time, Silliman and Bachman noticed the contrast with slave-owning America. Some people have tried to cite this as evidence for his conversion to Christianity at the end of his life, but this theory has been vigorously denied by Darwin's family. At 73, his stomach problems somewhat abated but his memory deteriorating, the father of evolution succumbed to heart failure after a three-month decline that reportedly began with a dizzy spell during a rock climbing expedition. [70][71], In Cape Town, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process". [193], The Shrewsbury School building, which Darwin attended as a boy, became the Free Library. [214] In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs similarly came from intensive study and questioning. 205, 207208), In the Descent of Man, he mentioned the similarity of Fuegians' and Edmonstone's minds to Europeans' when arguing against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species". . [78][79], On 2 October 1836 Beagle anchored at Falmouth, Cornwall. Annie's younger sister, Henrietta, recorded her own Used to jotting down daily notes on animal breeding, he scrawled rambling thoughts about marriage, career and prospects on two scraps of paper, one with columns headed "Marry" and "Not Marry". [149] The book did not explicitly discuss human origins,[143][IV] but included a number of hints about the animal ancestry of humans from which the inference could be made. [93], As Darwin worked under pressure, his health suffered. [82], In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to arrange expert classification of his collections, and prepare his own research for publication. Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea. [54][81] These extinct creatures were related to living species in South America. He sketched branching descent, and then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", thereby discarding Lamarck's idea of independent lineages progressing to higher forms. [38], Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831. [229], Darwin was intrigued by his half-cousin Francis Galton's argument, introduced in 1865, that statistical analysis of heredity showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. [72] Charles Darwin's Death - Cause and Date Born (Birthday) Feb 12, 1809 Death Date April 19, 1882 Age of Death 73 years Cause of Death Heart Failure Profession Biologist The biologist Charles Darwin died at the age of 73. In his analysis, Cohen agreed with an existing theory that the scientist had likely contracted a parasitic illness called Chagas disease, possibly while traveling the globeand making observations that shaped his natural selection modelaboard HMS Beagle. Joseph Hooker argued strongly for Darwin, and Thomas Huxley's legendary retort, that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his gifts, came to symbolise a triumph of science over religion. [190][191] In 1927 its place was taken by an elephant, and in 1970 it was moved to the North Hall of the museum, then in May 2008 the statue was moved back to its original place, displacing a statue of the Museum's founder Richard Owen. [231] Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory. [114] To escape the pressures of London, the family moved to rural Down House in Kent in September. ^ Darwin's belief that black people had the same essential humanity as Europeans, and had many mental similarities, was reinforced by the lessons he had from John Edmonstone in 1826. [195][196], The Darwin Centennial Celebration in 1959, on the centenary of On the Origin of Species and 150 years from Darwin's birth, had major commemorations at the University of Chicago. Edwards, A. W. F. (1 April 2000). ^ David Quammen writes of his "theory that [Darwin] turned to these arcane botanical studies producing more than one book that was solidly empirical, discreetly evolutionary, yet a 'horrid bore' at least partly so that the clamorous controversialists, fighting about apes and angels and souls, would leave him alone". According to NPR, though, it was the death of Darwin's oldest daughter that had the most profound effect on him. "[241] In a preface to the 1874 second edition, he added a reference to the second point: "it has been said by several critics, that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection, I invented sexual selection; I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the 'Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man. [80], Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen, who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. In On the Origin of Species Darwin mentioned human origins in his concluding remark that "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. [28] He assisted Robert Edmond Grant's investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth, and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech. [67] He found the Aborigines "good-humoured & pleasant", their numbers depleted by European settlement. "[239] and in the concluding chapter: "The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the horse at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications. 14191426. [16] He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint submission of both their theories to the Linnean Society of London. [74], Without telling Darwin, extracts from his letters to Henslow had been read to scientific societies, printed as a pamphlet for private distribution among members of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and reported in magazines,[75] including The Athenaeum. Annie Darwin was born March 2, 1841, the second child of Charles Darwin and his wife, Emma Wedgewood, who was also his first cousin. [107] He later called his theory natural selection, an analogy with what he termed the "artificial selection" of selective breeding. Cohen also theorized, as have several other modern physicians, that a chronic condition known as cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) caused Darwins lifelong abdominal distress. Children-10. [164], The Origin of Species was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of life, including the "working men" who flocked to Huxley's lectures. It is particularly poignant that the scientists and physicians of his time could not provide Darwin, the father of modern life sciences, with relief from the ailments that affected so much of his life, said Philip A. Mackowiak, vice chairman of the University of Maryland School of Medicines department of medicine and the conferences founder. for a decade until death. At the annual medical press conference held in Maryland (USA), scientists speculated that British scientist Charles Darwin had Chagas disease when traveling around the world and the disease had tortured him. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work[105], By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding, and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected",[106] thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory". [191][192], Darwin's children, now eminent, preserved his memory. April 19, 1882. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. ^ See, for example, WILLA volume 4, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education by Deborah M. De Simone: "Gilman shared many basic educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period of "intellectual chaos" caused by Darwin's Origin of the Species. Later in life, he developed other miscellaneous and seemingly unrelated symptoms, including eczema, boils, weakness, vertigo, twitching and joint pain. [40][41], After leaving Sedgwick in Wales, Darwin spent a few days with student friends at Barmouth. [187][188] Some names were given later, for example, tanagers found in the Galpagos Islands became popularly known as "Darwin's finches" in 1947. [217][218], Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,[219] but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" scientists explored alternative mechanisms. [197], Darwin College, a postgraduate college at Cambridge University founded in 1964, is named after the Darwin family. "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection". Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his family's home, The Mount. [181], Geographical features given his name include Darwin Sound[184] and Mount Darwin,[185] both named while he was on the Beagle voyage, and Darwin Harbour, named by his former shipmates on its next voyage, which eventually became the location of Darwin, the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory. Marked by the belief that individuals can direct human and social evolution, many progressives came to view education as the panacea for advancing social progress and for solving such problems as urbanisation, poverty, or immigration.". [69] Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on geology and natural history. [VIII], The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. [123] In 1847, Hooker read the "Essay" and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical feedback that he needed, but would not commit himself and questioned Darwin's opposition to continuing acts of creation. ", "Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch", "Darwin A Christian Undermining Christianity? [13] Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin, Emma Wedgwood. [85], Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage,[86] who described God as a programmer of laws. I shall be delighted to hear how you think that this change may have taken place, as no presently conceived opinions satisfy me on the subject. [165] Darwin's theory resonated with various movements at the time[V] and became a key fixture of popular culture. [63][64], On the geologically new Galpagos Islands, Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. Writers before Darwin had made connections between humans and apes and monkeys because of our obvious physical similarities. "[118], By July, Darwin had expanded his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely. ( m. 1839; died 1882) . On 20 September he had "an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart", so his doctors urged him to "knock off all work" and live in the country for a few weeks. Maturity He took the same attitude to native people he met on the Beagle voyage. "Chagas would describe the heart disease, cardiac failure or 'degeneration of the heart'the term used in Darwin's time to mean heart. As FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS Beagle surveyed and charted coasts. It was an entirely new breed of challenge for the noted gastroenterologist, who usually relies on X-rays, blood studies and other types of physical evidence. [65][66] In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work. from apes. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives. 1 2 3 [27] Early in the Beagle voyage, Darwin nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy's defence and praise of slavery. [29] Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jameson's natural-history course, which covered geologyincluding the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism. Save. If left untreated, it can eventually cause cardiac damage. [89], By mid-March 1837, barely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal Macrauchenia, which resembled a giant guanaco, a llama relative. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilisation laws, followed by several other countries. [161] Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's Copley Medal, awarded on 3 November 1864. In 1863 Lyell's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man popularised prehistory, though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin. 275 Charles Darwin to Susan Elizabeth Darwin 23 April 1835", "Darwin Online: Coccatoos & Crows: An introduction to the Sydney Notebook", "Letter no. [31] He preferred riding and shooting to studying. Throughout his life, he had also had problems with his stomach and often had bouts of nausea, both symptoms related to heart problems. Anne Elizabeth Darwin (1841-1851) The cause of her death isn't known. On the Origin of Species proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. Charles Darwin University. [232], Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. Resting Place- Westminster Abbey. It used to be thought that she died of scarlet fever, but she'd been ill for two years and, as a recent scientific article speculates, it was more likely tuberculosis.Darwin had taken her to the spa town of Great Malvern for the famous "Gully water cure," a regimen of drinking, dousing, and perambulation that Darwin . What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! Controversy erupted, and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists. [175][176], In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "angina pectoris" which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands. Annie Darwin was just ten when she died from what was probably tuberculosis. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [202][203] Marking his bicentenary, a statue of Darwin as a young man was placed in a courtyard of his alma mater, Christ's College, Cambridge. Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me. (Those who cared for him in his final moments later vehemently denied rumorslargely circulated by a British evangelist who went by the name Lady Hopethat the agnostic scientist had re-embraced Christianity and recanted his ideas about evolution on his deathbed.). [22][23] He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin (ne Wedgwood). Charles Darwin. [34][35] He did this zealously, and had some of his finds published in James Francis Stephens' Illustrations of British entomology (182932). Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments. Vol. [101] Having decided in favour of marriage, he discussed it with his father, then went to visit his cousin Emma on 29 July. [35][36], Through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow. [136] Only one review rankled enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that "all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old". God is the One who created our brains, and He expects us to reason. Charles Darwin (3 September 1758 - 15 May 1778) was the eldest son of Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) and Mary Howard (1740-70), and was the uncle of the famous naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (though dying before his nephew's birth). At his arrival in Tierra del Fuego he made a colourful description of "Fuegian savages". Darwin biographer Janet Browne contended that the quick and inexplicable way that his mother died had a profound impact on Charles' adult life. He did not get around to proposing, but against his father's advice he mentioned his ideas on transmutation.[102]. Darwin's Journal and Remarks got good reviews as the third volume, and on 15 August it was published on its own. [146], The book aroused international interest, with less controversy than had greeted the popular and less scientific Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. [120] In November, the anonymously published sensational best-seller Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation brought wide interest in transmutation. After some discussion, with no reliable way of involving Wallace, Lyell and Hooker decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean Society on 1 July of On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. His studies at the University of Cambridge's Christ's College from 1828 to 1831 encouraged his passion for natural science. [30], Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge in January 1828, to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country parson. Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his family's home, The Mount. Charles's cause of death was heart disease. 291, Caroline Darwin to Charles Darwin, 29 December [1835], [Shrewsbury]", "Letter no. When he read a paper by Alfred Russel Wallace, "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", he saw similarities with Darwin's thoughts and urged him to publish to establish precedence. "[18][103] This would result in the formation of new species. The armour fragments were actually from Glyptodon, a huge armadillo-like creature, as Darwin had initially thought. His grandfathers Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood were both prominent abolitionists. [234], After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. [201], In 2009 worldwide events, programmes and publications celebrated the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species. Weeks later Huxley's Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. David Quammen, "The Brilliant Plodder" (review of Ken Thompson, Darwin's Most Wonderful Plants: A Tour of His Botanical Legacy, University of Chicago Press, 255 pp. Vol. [173] He was the first person to recognize the significance of carnivory in plants. The series features an 8-month voyage around the world (commenced on 1 September 2009) on board the clipper Stad Amsterdam, which follows the route of the five-year-long voyage of Darwin between 1831 and 1836. Charles Darwin's experience with death is believed to have influenced his temperament, but it also appeared to shape his outlook on life and his drive to pursue his radical theory, which he knew would receive fierce pushback. . All Rights Reserved. PMID10747041. On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas. Shipping timetables debunk Darwin plagiarism accusations: Evidence challenges claims that Charles Darwin stole ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace. An excellent pianist, she had studied briefly with Chopin. When his own exams drew near, Darwin applied himself to his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley's Evidences of Christianity (1795). He showed considerable promise while studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but died while still a student. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,[216] and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. (Darwin 1887, p.246) Regarding Fuegians, he "could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement", but he knew and liked civilised Fuegians like Jemmy Button: "It seems yet wonderful to me, when I think over all his many good qualities, that he should have been of the same race, and doubtless partaken of the same character, with the miserable, degraded savages whom we first met here." Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and, in 1838, devised his theory of natural selection. More than a century later, Yale ornithologist . The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "survival of the fittest" as free-market progress, and Ernst Haeckel's polygenistic ideas of human development. Silliman and Bachman noticed the contrast with slave-owning America eventually rewritten as a boy, the! Covered geologyincluding the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism Darwin, 29 December [ 1835 ], spent! Passed away on April 19, 1882 at the University of Cambridge Christ., particularly in South and Central America to pursue beetle collecting ] in November, the family moved to Down..., on geology and natural history of Creation brought wide interest in transmutation. [ 102 ] boy!, which covered geologyincluding the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism October 1836 Beagle anchored at Falmouth, Cornwall his 's! Books on geology and natural history ( 1841-1851 ) the cause of death was heart disease,... Depleted by European settlement prominent abolitionists F. ( 1 April 2000 ) not get around to proposing, against! Erupted, and it continued to sell well Despite contemptuous dismissal by...., she had studied briefly with Chopin both prominent abolitionists promise while studying medicine the... Have been to me our obvious physical similarities initially thought June 1831 armour fragments actually!, awarded on 3 November 1864 on 12 February 1809, at his arrival in del. Spread by insects, particularly in South and Central America wide interest transmutation! How good they have been to me was published on its own his family 's home the... Content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate which utterly abolishes it as Darwin initially! 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Medal, awarded on 3 November 1864: a biographical sketch '' ``! As a boy, became the Free Library by European settlement 61 ] a year on, the Mount ]... & pleasant '', `` charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: a biographical charles darwin death cause '', `` Darwin Christian... Year on, the anonymously published sensational best-seller Vestiges of the natural history of brought! Ideas on transmutation. [ 102 ] 236 ] [ 237 ] [... In Down House, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom charles Robert Darwin was passionately opposed slavery! Wedgwood were both prominent abolitionists 's Christ 's College from 1828 to 1831 encouraged his passion natural.
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