Oil sheencould be seen on the surface of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [3] . [116] EPA regulations prohibited skimmers that left more than 15 parts per million (ppm) of oil in the water. [181], On 15 April 2014, BP announced that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, while the United States Coast Guard work continued using physical barriers such as floating booms, the cleanup workers' objective was to keep the oil from spreading any further. Pelican eggs contained "petroleum compounds and Corexit". Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil riglocated in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisiana and its subsequent sinking on April 22. Dispersants, Bacteria and Illness in the Gulf, "West Siberian research institute to help clean up Deepwater Horizon spill", BP withholds oil spill facts and government lets it, White House and BP legal wrangling: more damage to collaborative work in disaster response, "Deepwater Horizon NOTAM Overview: Air Traffic Organization, System Operations, Security", "Is BP Stopping Journalists from Observing the Oil Slick? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection . [262] NOAA had closed 86,985sqmi (225,290km2), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing $2.5billion cost for the fishing industry. Visit the Gulf Spill Restoration website for a list of contacts. [282] Rand Paul accused President Obama of being anti-business and "un-American". NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on Halliburton and Transocean. A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation. Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil riglocated in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisianaand its subsequent sinking on April 22. [248], A 2012 survey of the health effects of the spill on cleanup workers reported "eye, nose and throat irritation; respiratory problems; blood in urine, vomit and rectal bleeding; seizures; nausea and violent vomiting episodes that last for hours; skin irritation, burning and lesions; short-term memory loss and confusion; liver and kidney damage; central nervous system effects and nervous system damage; hypertension; and miscarriages". What are some ways to prevent the wash off of fertilizer or is there a way to release the fertilizer that would optimize their use while maintaining maximum growth of microbes? In March 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases. [70], It was first thought that oil had not reached as far as Tampa Bay, Florida; however, a study done in 2013 found that one of the plumes of dispersant-treated oil had reached a shelf 80mi (130km) off the Tampa Bay region. "Health of Exxon Valdez cleanup workers was never studied". The Deepwater Horizon criminal case, also prosecuted under the Clean Water Act, resulted in the largest criminal penalty with a single entity in U.S. history. In one example, the U.S. Coast Guard stopped Jean-Michel Cousteau's boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board. What are some alternative methods to increase surface area of hydrophobic molecules on water surfaces? A citizen 's guide to bioremediation (Fact Sheet). [90][91] On 16 September 2010, the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began. 202-737-3600. service@asmusa.org. Investigations continue into the public health effects on coastal residents and responders who investigated and cleaned up the mess. [41] The oil flowed for 87 days. "[116] Altogether, 1.8410^6USgal (7,000m3) of dispersants were used; of this 771,000USgal (2,920m3) were released at the wellhead. This was described as a "sick joke" and "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland. How long does oil spill take to clean up? [139][140] On 20 May, BP determined that none of the alternative products met all three criteria of availability, non-toxicity and effectiveness. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. [319][321] One was that it had not used a diagnostic tool to test the strength of the cement. [169], On 18 May 2010, BP was designated the lead "Responsible Party" under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which meant that BP had operational authority in coordinating the response. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. "[281] Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms, which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. [116], Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by microbes. Gerald Baron for Crisisblogger, 8 June 2012. Although several problems might arise, this is usually the preferred method when indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading hydrocarbon. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. They used this assessment to develop a science-based, comprehensive restoration plan for the Gulf of Mexico, which will be funded through a settlement with BP for up to $8.8 billion. [320] Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well. But this was only the start of the disaster. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Connect With ASM. [201] Prior to the spill, approximately 0.1% of Gulf fish had lesions or sores. [59], It was estimated with plus-or-minus 10% uncertainty that 4.9Mbbl (780,000m3) of oil was released from the well; 4.1Mbbl (650,000m3) of oil went into the Gulf. [20] The report stated that, although the events leading to the sinking of Deepwater Horizon were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout, the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies, and acts and omissions by Transocean and its Deepwater Horizon crew, that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. [190][191] PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include carcinogens and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. [367] David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well. [52] In late June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi. (A 2014 report by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board claimed that the blind shear rams had activated sooner than previously thought and may have actually punctured the pipe.). [241], Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation. Major oil spills in the GoM such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH 2010) and the Ixtoc 1 (1979) resulted in extensive pollution of the pelagic, sea-floor, and coastal ecosystems. Rob Williams, et al. [263][264][265] The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately $23billion, in a region that supports over 400,000travel industry jobs generating $34billion in revenue annually. "[341], On 31 August 2012, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of "gross negligence and willful misconduct." [20], On 16 June 2010, after BP executives met with President Obama, BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), a $20billion fund to settle claims arising from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Executive Summary, "Gulf residents to get extra $64M for 2010 oil spill claims", "Judge hears details of Gulf oil spill settlement", "BP Class-Action Settlement Exceeds $1 Billion in Payments Over Gulf Oil Spill", http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/10/21/2465881/following-complaints-from-gulf.html, "Judge Rules Against BP Over Settlement Payout Request", "Lloyd's syndicates launch legal action over BP insurance claim", "BP, Transocean Lawsuits Surge as Oil Spill Spreads in Gulf", "BP 24bn lawsuits claim contractors failed to use modelling software properly", "BP begins to put spill behind it with settlement", "Accord Reached Settling Lawsuit Over BP Oil Spill", "Federal judge approves BP Gulf oil spill medical settlement", "BP, plaintiffs reach billion dollar deal in Gulf oil spill", "BP appeal to stop 'fictitious' U.S. oil spill claims fails", "DOJ accuses BP of 'gross negligence' in Gulf oil spill", "UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA IN RE: OIL SPILL BY THE OIL RIG: MDL NO. For example, genes for hydrocarbon degradation (ex: alkB) are found in uncontaminated samples from the Gulf of Mexico more commonly than in other regions around the world. The oil well over which it was positioned was located on the seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres) below the surface and extended approximately 18,000 feet (5,486 metres) into the rock. [320] In the report, BP was accused of nine faults. Microorganisms live in environments of delicate balance; adding such large amounts of hydrocarbons will disrupt this balance with severe consequences [5]. [252], A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to $4,300, at the discretion of the judge. [36][40] The Deepwater Horizon sank on the morning of 22 April 2010. These traditional techniques are limited in effectiveness and are expensive due to the large area affected by the BP oil spill. [59][109] In addition, a white, milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage. There was a report detailing the release of thousands of tons of hydrocarbon gases (HC) into the atmosphere. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling. Oil spill clean upusing oil bloom containments, skimmers, and separators were immediately deployed. [247] An independent investigation for Newsweek showed that BP did not hand out the legally required safety manual for use with Corexit, and were not provided with safety training or protective gear. The Gulf Coast Claims Facility and the Deepwater Horizon Litigation: Judicial Regulation of Private Compensation Schemes", Independent Evaluation of the Gulf Coast Claims Facility. The rig capsized and sank on the morning of April 22, rupturing the riser, through which drilling mud had been injected in order to counteract the upward pressure of oil and natural gas. [347] The settlement includes payments of $2.394billion to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, $1.15billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $350million to the National Academy of Sciences for oil spill prevention and response research, $100million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund, $6million to General Treasury and $525million to the Securities and Exchange Commission. In total 2,063 various skimmers were used. . Due to the magnitude of this event and environmental and political damage it caused, a significant scientific effort has been made to study its effect on ocean and coastal ecosystems. 1 of 60 Bioremediation on Deep Horizon Oil Spill Aug. 08, 2011 28 likes 7,460 views Technology Business kerin93 Follow Advertisement Recommended Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil Spills Asma Hossain 400 views 21 slides Details OF bioremediation and Oilzapper Technology Manish Dwivedi 3.1k views 61 slides Biodegradation of petroleum Since then, the Trustee Council has approved five early restoration plans, encompassing 65 projects at an estimated cost of $866 million. Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed". Those funds are credited towards the possible final $8.8 billion total. [369], None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives. [101][102], The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,[103] but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil. ", "BP Buys 'Oil' Search Terms to Redirect Users to Official Company Website", "BP buys 'oil spill' sponsored links for search engines", "Bob Dudley: Profile of the new BP chief executive", "Why we disrupted Tony Hayward's award at the University of Birmingham", "Honorary degree for ex-BP Gulf of Mexico boss is a sick joke", "University defends degree for Deepwater Horizon boss Tony Hayward", "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: International Offers of Assistance", "U.S. not accepting foreign help on oil spill", "Jones Act: Maritime politics strain Gulf oil spill cleanup", "Salazar Launches Safety and Environmental Protection Reforms to Toughen Oversight of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations", "Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling", "Attorney General Eric Holder on Gulf Oil Spill", "Anadarko and Mitsui executives set to testify", "Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer 'faulty' Congress", Transocean, Halliburton blast BP report on cause of blowout, oil spill, "Gulf oil spill: President's panel says firms complacent", "Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling", "BP and firms made risky decisions before spill: report", "Blunders Abounded Before Gulf Spill, Panel Says", "BP, Transocean, Halliburton blamed by presidential Gulf oil spill commission", "Panel: Without changes in oil industry and government, BP-like spill could happen again", "DNV report on Deepwater Horizon BOP concluded", "Gulf oil spill report: BP ultimately responsible in Gulf spill", "Comment. In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes. 2. [224][225], In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[226] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles." News, "Slick Solution: How Microbes Will Clean Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill", Riki Ott: Bio-Remediation or Bio-Hazard? The disaster had a significant impact on the environment and the local economy, and it highlighted the . He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. Thousands of animals were visibly covered in oil. The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP, was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. [57] As of July2011[update], about 491mi (790km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074mi (1,728km) had been oiled since the spill began. BP originally estimated as part of a Federal Court supervised program offsite link, that those private claims would total about $7.8 billion. [368] Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well. [235][236], Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country. [150] The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse. Oil spill cleanup. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity; however, an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean-up efforts only a third of the registered boats. "[280] Interior Secretary Ken Salazar stated, "Our job basically is to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum. Across the US, thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations,[283][284][285] reducing sales at some stations by 10% to 40%. [313] The report found that on 20 April 2010, managers misread pressure data and gave their approval for rig workers to replace drilling fluid in the well with seawater, which was not heavy enough to prevent gas that had been leaking into the well from firing up the pipe to the rig, causing the explosion. [345][346] The plea was accepted by Judge Sarah Vance of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana on 31 January 2013. [259] Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013. [113] In 2012, Markus Huettel, a benthic ecologist at Florida State University, maintained that while much of BP's oil was degraded or evaporated, at least 60% remains unaccounted for. [303] The student body president expressed that students would be "very disappointed. "The Impact of the BP Oil Spill on Visitor Spending in Louisiana: Revised estimates based on data through 2010 Q4, Prepared for the Louisiana Office of Tourism", "Summary of Information concerning the Ecological and Economic Impacts of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster", "BP costs for oil spill response pass $3billion", "Smaller BP's profits down as oil spill trial looms", "Time to scrap BP brand? How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment? [123], For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the Exxon Valdez disaster. ", "National Contingency Plan Product Schedule", "Dispersant Monitoring and Assessment Directive Addendum", "BP is sticking with its dispersant choice", "BP Used Much Dispersant Despite E.P.A. [261], Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used sorbents to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. A report from the University of Florida said that many locations showed 20% of fish with lesions, while later estimates reached 50%. "[331], In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. Since then, we have worked with the public and BP to identify and implement early restoration projects. This webpage provides information and materials on EPAs enforcement response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, settlements with several of the defendants, including the record-setting settlement with BP Exploration & Production for an unprecedented $5.5 billion Clean Water Act penalty and up to $8.8 billion in natural resource damages. ", "Limits on access to oiled waters, coast frustrates journalists", "It's BP's Oil': Running the Corporate Blockade at Louisiana's Crude-Covered Beaches, "BP's Photo Blockade of the Gulf Oil Spill: Photographers Say BP and Government Officials Are Preventing Them from Documenting the Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster", "Dying, dead marine wildlife paint dark, morbid picture of Gulf Coast following oil spill". `` un-American '' 7.8 billion have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.... 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