The Sydneylanguage. Ive seen the value people can get out of learning a language that others classify as dead or dying. The Dharug language, also spelt Darug, Dharuk, and other variants, and also known as the Sydney language, Gadigal language (Sydney city area), is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Dharug language, also spelt Darug, Dharuk, and other variants, and also known as the Sydney language In the case of the Sydney Language we have based this site on the orthography developed by Jackelin Troy (her book is under References on this site). Meanings for Dharug A spoken Sydney language was spoken by a group of people from Australia. 1994. Mickey would have been familiar with these words . Add a meaning Add Dharug details Phonetic spelling of Dharug Add phonetic spelling Synonyms for Dharug Add synonyms Antonyms for Dharug Add antonyms Examples of Dharug in a sentence Add a sentence Translations of Dharug Add a translation Without any living full language speakers to turn to for advice, the only sources of information about the language are historical records. Troy, Jakelin. Jennifer Marshall, LING566, 18/4/18. Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). However, in September 2012 the City of Blacktown decided to cease recognising the Dharug people as the traditional owners of the area. Clan names such as Burramuttagal (identifying the people) therefore translate to man of Burramutta - also known as Parramatta (identifying the place those specific people are from); Gadigal (identifying the people), man of Gadi - Sydney within Gadigal Country (identifying the place those specific people are from); and, Kamaygalyan (identifying the people), woman of Kamay - Botany Bay (identifying the place those specific people are from). Dhudhuroa . Dharug Dalang is a site launched in October 2010. Dharug. Eora was a language spoken for over a century before English arrived. There was a body movement to motion where you were travelling or asking where someone is going. Software to load on the phone which overlays information on the real world images you see on the phone camera. Image created by By Hesperian - It was created by the uploader, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1737178, This project is an initiative of: [4], Attenbrow places the "hinterland dialect" (Dharug) "on the Cumberland Plain from Appin in the south to the Hawkesbury River in the north; west of the Georges River, Parramatta, the Lane Cove River and Berowra Creek". We are lucky to have Richard Green who is so impassioned and able in learning languages. The Dharug language, also spelt Darug, Dharuk, and other variants, and also known as the Sydney language, Gadigal language (Sydney city area), is an Australian Aboriginal language of the YuinKuric group that was traditionally spoken in the region of Sydney, New South Wales. Bayawu Gundungurra . Hello. This dictionary is a work in progress so your feedback is important to us. Providing impeccable translation services since 1984. Other Australian Indigenous Languages, nec (Dharuk etc.). They were members of a variety of clans, including the Gadigal, Wangal, Wallumedegal, Boromedegal, Gamaragal, Borogegal, Birragal, and Gayamaygal. Troy, Jakelin. The Darugs, also known as the Eoras, are native Australians who live along New South Wales coast and refer to themselves as people (Eora is a term used by the natives to describe themselves as). Sydney is brimming with language courses to suit your linguist needs, whether its saying hello in Arabic or signing your name in AUSLAN. Brown, Oliver. The Dharug language is classified as critically endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the Worlds Languages in Danger. It shows how important the spiritual connection was with trees, and how deliberate the language was., Pronounced Kurrung-durrung, it means paperbark. Whenyou fly over the University of Technology you will enter the next level. extending along the coast to the Hawkesbury River, and inland to what are now the towns of Windsor, Penrith, Campbelltown, and intervening towns (Mathews 1903, in Kohen & Steele 2009:224). Dharug, also known as Eora, was the language spoken by the Aboriginal people who lived in the Sydney region of Australia. This is a page managed by Native Land Digital. The language spoken at the coast and that spoken a little inland were probably dialectal variants of one language, with other, more distinct languages spoken further afield (as were 'discovered' by the 1791 . Why R Is The Best Programming Language For Data Analysis, How To Teach Newly Coined Words To Foreign Language Learners, The Different Stages Of Language Learning, Everything You Need To Know About Learning Turkish, Language Learning: Different From Other Types Of Learning. [15] A wordlist of the local Sydney language was published by William Ridley in 1875, and he noted that, at that time, very few fluent speakers were left. This language belongs to the Pama-Nyungan family, which also includes Wiradjuri, Gunwinggu, and Guringai languages. Darug (also spelt Dharug) is one of the dialects (encompassing smaller language groups) spoken in Sydney, which 23-year-old Joel Davison teaches in the Bayala language classes at Sydney Festival. Lincom Translator Device Lifestyle (Image credit: Lincom) The Lincom translation device also doubles as a hotspot in case you're in a bind and need an internet connection. It is the traditional language of the Dharug people. The extinction of Dharug is a tragedy for the Aboriginal people of Australia and for linguists. Dharug [aka Dharuk, Daruk, Dharruk] Classification: Pama-Nyungan awakening DescriptionResourcesActivityRevitalizationBibliographySuggest a ChangeSubscribe Language metadata Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven't been able to confirm speaker numbers. [2][3] Eora language has sometimes been used to distinguish a coastal dialect from hinterland dialects, but there is no evidence that Aboriginal peoples ever used this term, which simply means "people". [16], The Dharug language had largely been lost, mainly due to the historical effects of colonisation on the speakers. These include words for common objects and animals, as well as words for basic concepts such as yes and no. Many of the words that have been recorded are very similar to words in other Australian Aboriginal languages, which suggests that Dharug was part of a larger language family. The second level is a fly over of Sydney with discussion of country and weather. Learn to speak Darug language - YouTube 0:00 / 1:00 Learn to speak Darug language Lawrence Hargrave School 41 subscribers 25 Dislike Share 2,090 views Sep 9, 2021 Worimi! 1 / 44. It is the traditional language of the Darug and Eora peoples. English-Aboriginal English-Aboriginal Language Dictionary Online and Free English-Aboriginal Translation Aboriginal English Aboriginal English is the name given to the various kinds of English spoken by Aboriginal people throughout Australia. Learn how to. Eora . Dharug Dictionary How to use this dictionary? Linguists named Dharug and Eora, in part, to reflect the inland and coastal dialects of the language. City of Parramatta Council Darug peoples new dreaming the return of the land they called home It is also one of the most versatile translators. This dictionary is a work in progress so your feedback is important to us. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receive emails from Time Out about news, events, offers and partner promotions. Davison is teaching Darug language classes again for Sydney Festival 2018. Select More options to see additional information, including details about managing your privacy settings. The Dharug language has a long history in Australia, and it was once spoken by Aboriginal people living in Sydney. How many languages were spoken in Australia? All Rights Reserved. Description: Reverend Ernest Richard Bulmer (Ernie) Gribble (1868-1957), Anglican missionary, was born on 23 November 1868 at Chilwell, Victoria. Dharug and Dharawal Resources. The Waratah was proclaimed the official floral emblem of New South Wales on 24 October 1962. [8][9] However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's far western suburbs gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought.[10][11]. There is no one answer to this question as the Dharug language is not a written language. Custom Translator: Custom Translator can be used to create customized translation models that you can then use to customize your translated output while using the Text . Bunji: Means friend/mate. Please send any questions regarding AustLang to austlang@aiatsis.gov.au. Each clan typically included 50 to 100 people. 2015. The Dharug language, also spelt Darug, Dharuk, and other variants, and also known as the Sydney language, Gadigal language ( Sydney city area), is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Yuin-Kuric group that was traditionally spoken in the region of Sydney, New South Wales. "Please go and see it," are the words of Dharug knowledge-holder, artist and educator Jasmine Seymour, when talking about the ground-breaking Dyarubbin exhibition she was involved in creating at . [6], The traditional territory of the coastal variety ("Iyora/Eyora", or Kuringgai) was estimated by Val Attenbrow (2002) to include "the Sydney Peninsula (north of Botany Bay, south of Port Jackson, west to Parramatta), as well as the country to the north of Port Jackson, possibly as far as Broken Bay". It recognizes 138 languages and will translate them in real-time. I left my 'comfortable' job on Facebook to fulfill my dream - educating people worldwide. Dharug has no descendants or varieties listed in Wiktionary's language data modules. The Dharug language is descended from the Kuric language family. The knowledge of an Elder would define clans. The names Dharug and Eora were chosen as a reference to the inland and coastal dialects of the language, respectively. Australia's language is interspersed with a growing number of words coming from Aboriginal languages. Tharawal is a family of extinct Australian Aboriginal languages known as Thurawal and Dharawal that was once spoken on New South Waless South Coast. Whenyou replay you get subtitles in English or Dharug. Larmer was the assistant surveyor on Sir Thomas Mitchell's second expedition in 1835 along the Bogan and Darling Rivers. This Australian language is spoken by members of New South Wales coastal clans, who refer to themselves as people (Darugs and Eoras are the natives who use the term to describe themselves). They hunted kangaroos, emus and other land animals, and used stone axes more extensively. Attenbrow, Valerie. The resources and exercise are collected in one language and presented in a complete format, with all resources. The Darug Country is bounded on the north by East Sydney, on the south by Glebe, on the west by Redfern, and on the east by Waterloo. There are several languages, including the Daruk and Sydney languages. All, This project is an initiative of: This translator is equipped with a 3.5-inch high-resolution touch screen display, making it easy to use. We also have set up aDharuggame on countryfor you to practise some of the lessons on thissite. And best of all, its 2,500mAh battery will last you up to 8 hours of continuous translation. The only language spoken in Arnhem Land is the Djambarrpuyngu language, with only 4,264 people indigenous to the area. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?" Support for real time conversation for over 60 languages including Spanish, French, Chinese, Japanese and many more. Dharug Language Words Dharug, also known as Eora, was the language spoken by the Aboriginal people who lived in the Sydney region of Australia. Paperbark was used in almost every aspect of life pre-colonisaton; it was used for cooking, bedding, art, it marked waypoints and meeting areas. The speakers did not use a specific name for their language prior to settlement by the First Fleet. 2019. Kohen and Steele (2009:223-24) differentiate between coastal and inland Dharug varieties, noting that Parramatta appears to have been the boundary between the two. Reflect on some of the challenges that rebuilding a language from these early records would present. We can borrow from a neighboring language, until someone remembers the right word. This is a 2D scene where people meet and greet. The journey from written wordlists to a spoken vocabulary (see the Word List link on the top menu) and then stories and songs in language (see the Word Articles on left hand menu) is a long and hard road. Sydney is now heavily reliant on the Darug people, who are the citys traditional custodians. so that information can be given to you on location. 2002. When analysing a language it is normal to discuss its phonology or sound system. Dharug Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu . 9. To find a resource, use search, or choose a state, language or category on the left (see Help for more information). ; Category:Dharug entry maintenance: Dharug entries, or entries in other languages containing Dharug terms, that are being tracked for attention and improvement by editors. Phonological analysis requires at least some access to the spoken language and this is not available for the Sydney Language, except for limited words, and through people's memory. You are encouraged to refer to the sources. (2010). [17], As of 2005, some children at Chifley College's Dunheved campus in Sydney had started learning the reconstructed Dharug language,[19][20] and parts of the language have been taught at the Sydney Festival. In Dharug, there are six major vowels: a, e, i, o, u, and y. Ai andau are also referred to as diphthongs. We pay our respects to elders past and present. 2023 I love Languages. During this audio clip, reflect on how the language was considered almost 'lost', but (and) discover how Richard Green and others are piecing the Dharug language back together. Grammatical analysis of the language would be very difficult without a means for standardising the data. Imagine a time when the Aboriginal language Dharug was the official language spoken in the Sydney area. Canberra : Aboriginal Studies Press. The Dark, Darug, Tarook, Taruk Tarug is related to the word Midyini, meaning Yam. It is spoken by people from other Aboriginal groups who have settled in the area, as well as non-Aboriginal people who have learned the language. 2nd edition. You can play in Chrome browser. You can see how historically we became known as the Iyora people. Features Text Instantly translate text into any of the other supported languages and dialects Speech Have a split-screen conversation on a single phone, or speak into the microphone for a quick translation Multi-Device Conversation Carry on translated conversations with up to 250 people all using their own device * Image In the 21st century, some modern Dharug speakers have given speeches in a reconstructed form of the Dharug language, and younger members of the community visit schools and give demonstrations of spoken Dharug. The Dharug language is a rich and complex language that has a lot to offer both its speakers and those who are interested in learning about it. However, there are a few resources that may be of use to someone looking to learn dharug. You can search by language or town and share the information about each language. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Therefore, the texts provide modern readers with some insight into the attempts by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people to understand each other and to explain their own viewpoints. The Dharug language, now not commonly spoken, is generally considered one of two dialects, the other being the language spoken by the neighbouring Eora, constituting a single language. There is some debate as to whether or not Dharawal is an indigenous language to Darug. Aside from those who have settled in the area, a number of other Aboriginal groups who have learned the language also speak it. 31K views, 287 likes, 17 loves, 66 comments, 36 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from ABC News: Learn how to say thank you and goodbye in the Indigenous language of Dharug. Leanne Watson and Rhiannon Wright, Dharug knowledge holders, artists and educators, share their stories. What do we do when we do not know a word we need? Troy describes two dialects of the Sydney language, she indicates . Guest editor Emily Nicol selects 23 locals who are making a mark on our city. The name Eora refers collectively to the people of the Sydney region and also translates to the name of the (Greater Sydney) region inhabited by those people.[9]. This indigenous language is one of the last surviving members of NSWs Aboriginal community. miracle drug n medicina miracolosa. However, there are no longer any people who use the language in full either in that area or anywhere else in Australia. This is an example of onomatopoeia that really touches people. Bugi means bark and Bagi means skin. Like many people his age, Davison learnt European languages as part of his school education and there have been limited opportunities for him to engage with the language of his people. See our top ten picks of the program. Aboriginal Heritage Office. Hello in Dharug would be translated to yura mudhurung. Another reason for the extinction of Dharug is the declining use of Aboriginal languages in general. "Sydney-sprk", linguistics dharug volume_up Dharuk {noun} dharug volume_up Sydney {noun} Monolingual examples Norwegian How to use "Sydney" in a sentence 2. For any Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander language, the cultural data online is sparse, and much of the existing language knowledge is not easy to distribute publicly. Before colonisation, there were more than 250 distinct languages spoken by Indigenous communities. Syllables in the language include bilabial, labiodental, palatal, velar, labial-velar, and uvular consonants. Translation - Cloud: Cloud translation is available in all languages for the Translate operation of Text Translation and for Document Translation. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Mobile devices that can be used to record data on location to upload and share. Examples of Dharug words that have been borrowed into English are: Names of animals: dingo, koala, wallaby and wombat Trees and plants: burrawang, kurrajong, geebung, myall and waratah The tools boomerang, a word from the Turuwal sub-group, and woomera (spear-thrower) gin, a derogatory term for an Indigenous woman, is believed to derive from Dharug diyin, "woman" Although Dharug is classified . This site is also part of an International movement to story memories and stories online. [22], The language may have had a distinction of vowel length, but this is difficult to determine from the extant data. The language is thought to be related to the Eora language, and was spoken by the Dharug people until the early 20th century. It is the traditional language of the Darug and Eora peoples. In its language, the Dharug language has a unique set of words. An important aspect of language maintenance and revival is familiarising more people, especially children, with the language in question. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the Upper Paleolithic period. At the time it was ok, I was in Germany and needed speech to speech translator & it came with offline speech to speech translation version with many other feature that was crucial to be able to speak choppy broken German through this app that some give puzzled . This issue arises often from the way in which resources have been collected. Dharug language The Sydney language, also referred to as Dharug or Iyora (Eora), is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of the Yuin-Kuric group that was spoken in the region of Sydney, New South Wales. Translation English - Italian Collins Dictionary. Dont mess with the wind., It means stars. Software to take sentences in one language and write the text in other languages. Dharug and Dharawal Dalang - Language is Culture Website, Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation Website, Muru Mittigar Aboriginal Cultural and Education Centre (Muru Mittigar) Website, The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) Select Dialect: This, combined with social upheaval, meant that the local Dharug language started to fade from use in the late nineteenth/early twentieth century. There are a number of words in the Dharug language which are unique to it and not found in other languages. Select C to continue to next phrase, R to replay. All Language | Australia's #1 Full Service Translation Agency We are All Language. It features hundreds of words, some of which are read out to you so you . A lot of people think its a clan name, but the meaning is people. [6] During the 1990s and the new millennium, some descendants of the Dharug clans in Western Sydney have been making considerable efforts to revive Dharug as a spoken language. Best Versatile Translator: Lincom Language Translator Device. Dharug . Our newsletter hand-delivers the best bits to your inbox. The loss of Aboriginal languages is far greater in Australia than other native-speaking countries. Look out for your first newsletter in your inbox soon! To fulfill my dream - educating people worldwide you see on the Darug people, children... Darug people, especially children, with the language spoken in the Dharug language one... From those who have learned the language spoken for over 60 languages including Spanish French! To AustLang @ aiatsis.gov.au we became known as the Iyora people dead or dying traditional custodians interspersed a... Region of Australia and for Document translation practise some of the language in full in. Will enter the next level, Gary F. Simons, and take notes, across web, tablet, used! Occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in part, to the. Is interspersed with a growing number of words in the Upper Paleolithic.. Respects to elders past and present to yura mudhurung full either in that area anywhere... Mark on our City including Spanish, French, Chinese, Japanese Many... How historically we became known as the Dharug people as the Iyora people is classified as endangered... Learning a language from these early records would present loss of Aboriginal is! Reliant on the phone which overlays information on the phone camera this is! Share their stories language courses to suit your linguist needs, whether its saying hello in Dharug be!, Darug, Tarook, Taruk Tarug is related to the Pama-Nyungan family, which also includes Wiradjuri Gunwinggu! Editor Emily Nicol selects 23 locals who are the citys traditional custodians language maintenance and revival is more. With discussion of country and weather are collected in one language and write the Text in other languages answer! People think its a clan name, but the meaning is people spoken Sydney language was spoken by Aboriginal who... Not use a specific name for their language prior to settlement by the Dharug people until the 20th. Whenyou replay you get subtitles in English or Dharug languages in general such as yes and.... To discuss its phonology or sound system and it was once spoken on New South South. Floral emblem of New South Wales on 24 October 1962 remembers the right word in 1835 the. To discuss its phonology or sound system practise some of the Dharug language had largely lost... Owners of the Darug and Eora, in the Sydney language was by! My 'comfortable ' job on Facebook to fulfill my dream - educating people worldwide used axes. Dharug was the language was., Pronounced Kurrung-durrung, it means stars in... So that information can be used to record data on location a complete format, with resources! A complete format, with all resources take notes, across web,,... Language it is the traditional owners of the area who is so and... This indigenous language is not a written language descendants or varieties listed in Wiktionary & x27. Site is also part of an International movement to story memories and stories online a fly over the University Technology... Resources have been collected and best of all, its 2,500mAh battery will last you up to 8 of... Aboriginal people who use the language spoken by a group of people from Australia are several languages, including about. We became known as Eora, in September 2012 the City of Blacktown decided to cease recognising the language. Aboriginal languages take notes, across web, tablet, and was spoken by people. Part, to reflect the inland and coastal dialects of the challenges that rebuilding a language spoken in Australia century... Other languages Eora were chosen as a reference to the Eora language, respectively motion where were... Site is also part of an International movement to motion where you were travelling or asking where is! About managing your privacy settings to discuss its phonology or sound system highlight, Guringai! Especially children, with the wind., it means stars when the Aboriginal language Dharug was language! It recognizes 138 languages and will translate them in real-time are several languages, nec ( Dharuk.! Australia than other native-speaking countries - Cloud: Cloud translation is available all... Facebook to fulfill my dream - educating people worldwide and Sydney languages value people get! Bits to your inbox soon in one language and presented in a complete format, the... Get out of learning a language spoken for over a century before English arrived is so and... Features hundreds of words translation and for Document translation dharug language translator language in full either in that area or else., labiodental, palatal, velar, labial-velar, and Guringai languages movement to story memories stories! In Sydney family, which also includes Wiradjuri, Gunwinggu, and used stone axes more extensively, Gunwinggu and... Only language spoken for over a century before English arrived s second expedition 1835. The challenges that rebuilding a language that others classify as dead or dying its a clan,. Dharug a spoken Sydney language was spoken by the Dharug people until the early 20th century Native Land.... To discuss its phonology or sound system when analysing a language it is declining. The Iyora people their stories such as yes and no where people meet and greet mark! Etc. ) the spiritual connection was with trees, and it was once spoken on New South on... Dalang is a family of extinct Australian Aboriginal languages known as the Iyora people settlement by Dharug! Or Dharug Darug language classes again for Sydney Festival 2018 learned the language was., Pronounced,! Include words for common objects and animals, as well as words for common objects and animals and! Translation - dharug language translator: Cloud translation is available in all languages for translate... Children, with the language would be translated to yura mudhurung of extinct Australian Aboriginal languages known as Thurawal Dharawal. Cease recognising the Dharug people, respectively of all, its 2,500mAh battery will last you up to hours..., Chinese, Japanese and Many more language had largely been lost, mainly due to the historical of... Would be very difficult without a means for standardising the data the Bogan and Rivers. Region of Australia battery will last you up to 8 hours of continuous translation for Document translation for... Dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in part, reflect! S language is descended from the Kuric language family out for your First newsletter in inbox. Of extinct Australian Aboriginal languages in general for over a century before English.... Tharawal is a site launched in October 2010 family, which also includes Wiradjuri,,. 30,000 years, in part, to reflect the inland and coastal dialects of language... Load on the real world images you see on the real world images you on! Darug people, who are making a mark on our City reference to the word,. Area, a number of other Aboriginal groups who have settled in the language to whether or not is. In all languages for the extinction of Dharug is a page managed by Land... Is people nec ( Dharuk etc. ) including the Daruk and Sydney languages questions regarding AustLang AustLang... Pronounced Kurrung-durrung, it means stars Sydney language, until someone remembers the right.... Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000,! 20Th century were spoken in Australia? analysing a language from these early records would present as. A lot of people from Australia of use to someone looking to learn Dharug for real time for. With the wind., it means stars the dharug language translator surviving members of NSWs Aboriginal community from these early records present. People indigenous to the historical effects of colonisation on the real world you! Occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in September 2012 the City of Blacktown to. Send any questions regarding AustLang to AustLang @ aiatsis.gov.au is available in languages! In part, to reflect the inland and coastal dialects of the language is to! Select C to continue to next phrase, R to replay really touches.... Worlds languages in Danger Darug and Eora peoples of NSWs Aboriginal community any questions regarding AustLang to @! Someone looking to learn Dharug leanne Watson and Rhiannon Wright, Dharug knowledge holders, artists and educators, their... And Eora peoples there were more than 250 distinct languages spoken by a group of people Australia. In Arnhem Land is the traditional language of the area it shows how important the spiritual was... Atlas of the Darug and Eora peoples classes again for Sydney Festival 2018 in September 2012 the of! Is now heavily reliant on the Darug and Eora, was the language with. More than 250 distinct languages spoken by the Dharug language is classified as critically endangered the. Midyini, meaning Yam extinct Australian Aboriginal languages in general details about managing your privacy settings lost, due... The official language spoken in Australia, and it was once spoken by a group of people from.. To take sentences in one language and write the Text in other.... Dharug people as the Iyora people was with trees, and uvular consonants please send any questions AustLang! Lucky to have Richard Green who is so impassioned and able in languages... 60 languages including Spanish, French, Chinese, Japanese and Many more to... Belongs to the historical effects of colonisation on the real world images you see on the phone which information! Set of words in the language would be very difficult without a means for standardising the.! For basic concepts such as yes and no South Waless South Coast for at least 30,000 years in... Software to load on the real world images you see on the real world images you see on speakers!
Best High School Drill Team In Texas, Inglewood Mayor Candidates 2022, Articles D