The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). Table 1. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. The country has also ample opportunity in. However, the expected level was not achieved. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. . Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Land degradation. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. Deforestation 4. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. Table 4. The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. See Solution. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. Question. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). The present study showed that the . However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. Two of the most. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. 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